Some Known Incorrect Statements About Maupin Roofing & Construction

How Maupin Roofing & Construction can Save You Time, Stress, and Money.


RoofingRoofing Contractors

When insects determine they want to take up house either on or below a roofing system, they can create severe damage to roof shingles as they tear their method right into a home. If it gets bad sufficient, some homeowners wonder just how to obtain insurance to pay for roof covering substitute, when they recognize they might require to think about the full roofing replacement price.


In extreme instances, though, you might need a partial or whole roof covering replacement. From strong winds and impact from tree branches to individuals strolling on the roof covering, roof shingles are constantly under pressure, so they're prone to crack or endure some level of damage over time. Split or damaged shingles take away from your roof covering's visual appeal.


So, take an excellent consider your roof covering's tiles, watching out for fractures, punctures, raised corners that type of thing. You'll only require to replace one or two roof shingles (https://www.twitch.tv/maupinro0fcon/about). If there's widespread damages, you might require to change entire areas of your roofing or even the entire point.


As soon as they obtain packed with leaves, gunk, and particles, water starts running in the wrong way and merging where you don't want it to. Just how do you understand if your gutters are clogged, you ask?


 

A Biased View of Maupin Roofing & Construction


Along with cleaning your rain gutters at least two times a year, take into consideration buying rain gutter guards or displays. They can assist reduce clogging a great offer! Little dips and depressions in the surface area of the roof are issue places for standing water - best roofing company. And anywhere that stays damp for greater than two days can be at threat of damage, leakages, and mold and mildew.


If the damaged location is huge, you might require to include tapered insulation below to assist reroute the water so that it doesn't pool. For low-slope and level roofs, which are the most susceptible to pooling water, we recommend setting up crickets and additional drains pipes as an avoidance action. Overhanging tree branches may not come across as problematic to the average homeowner, yet they can do a lot more damage than you might think.


On top of that, they can block seamless gutters with their fallen leaves and needles. With that said in mind, you need to take the time to trim all overhanging branches. We recommend a minimum clearance distance of regarding 10 feet. Correct roofing system air flow plays a huge function in avoiding excess moisture from harming your roof covering.


They're to be installed above reduced roofing sections, eaves, and valleys. It goes without saying that you need to make use of a roofing rake to remove the excess weight and clear off overhangs and icicles whenever feasible.




The Basic Principles Of Maupin Roofing & Construction


Over click for info time, this constant motion, along with sunlight exposure, results in contraction and damaged roof materials. Breakable, contracted shingles are endangered in terms of the defense they use. They're likewise vulnerable to blow upwards and break when strolled on. If you notice extensive reducing, splitting, and granular loss, it's time to call a professional roof covering business for a full roof replacement! As the claiming goes, an ounce of prevention deserves an extra pound of treatment. local roofing companies.


There are couple of things extra worrying as a home owner than a roof leakage. There are lots of factors your roofing could be leaking.


So, allow's begin there. At Bill Ragan Roof, our team believe being used our 30-plus years in the roof covering market to help homeowners manage demanding roof covering leaks - roofing contractors. Even if we can not be there to physically help, we can still give transparent and useful information. In this write-up, you'll discover the 6 most common roof covering leakages, where they'll appear in your house, and exactly how to fix them.


The most typical roof leak is when a boot around a pipeline stops working or an additional penetration. While there are different kinds (lead, plastic, copper, and so on), the most common is a neoprene (synthetic rubber) pipeline boot.




Things about Maupin Roofing & Construction




 


Once it splits, water complies with the pipe into whatever roof it's above. Simply know that pipeline boots will not last the full life of the roof covering.


A roof leakage from pipeline boot failure will certainly reveal up below wherever that pipeline is located on the roof. It generally reveals up in a shower room or closet, yet it might also be over a master bedroom or another area. You'll really be able to track this leakage by looking in the basic roofing system location over the area to determine if the pipeline is creating water to get into your home.




 


The collar will certainly enclose the existing flange (the level rectangular blinking around the bottom of the pipeline) and should last you one more 10 approximately years. However when obtaining a new roofing, you'll change all the pipe boots totally. The 2nd most common root cause of roof covering leaks is when a roof nail backs out via a shingle.




Roof RepairRoofing Company
When it rains, water coming down your roof covering captures the nail's head and follows it down to the within your home. This doesn't take place simply with roof nails used on tiles, yet likewise decking nails. If the outdoor decking nail didn't hit timber when the framing was done, the sunlight can draw the nail out through the tile.

 

Roofers Portland OR at Your Service: Top Quality You Can Depend Upon

Elevate Your Building's Security: Pick Our Premier Roofing Services for Unmatched Top Quality



Are you seeking to boost the defense of your residential property? Look no more! Pick our leading roofing services for unparalleled top quality. Spending in top notch roof covering is crucial for protecting your building from the aspects. With our experience and experience, we provide top-notch roofing remedies customized to your certain needs. When choosing a roofing service, it's important to consider key aspects such as integrity and sturdiness. By investing in top-quality roofing materials, you can ensure longevity and added worth to your building. Elevate your residential or commercial property's protection today with our premier roof solutions.




The Value of High-Quality Roofing for Building Security



Top notch roof covering is essential for protecting your residential or commercial property from damages. You can not pay for to jeopardize on the high quality of your roof covering when it comes to protecting your financial investment. A durable and well-kept roof covering provides a solid barrier against various elements, including rain, wind, snow, and even severe temperatures. It shields your residential or commercial property from water leaks, structural damage, and possible mold growth.


Investing in top notch roof products makes certain that your home remains safeguarded for years to come. Whether it's asphalt roof shingles, metal roofing, or ceramic tile roofs, selecting resilient products warranties durability and dependability. Additionally, premium roof improves the overall appearances of your property, offering it a refined and well-maintained look.


Not just does high-quality roof protect your residential or commercial property, however it likewise enhances its energy efficiency. A well-insulated roofing system can minimize heat transfer, causing lower energy costs and an extra comfy living environment. By stopping air leakage, top quality roofing assists keep a consistent temperature inside your home, no matter the weather condition outside.




Roofing Companies Near MeRoofers In Portland
Furthermore, choosing expert installation and routine maintenance of your roofing ensures its optimum efficiency. Regular assessments, cleaning, and repairs can help determine and attend to any type of prospective concerns before they escalate into major problems. This proactive approach not only saves you money in the future but likewise expands the lifespan of your roofing system.




Our Premier Roof Solutions: Unrivaled Competence and Experience



Roofers Portland OregonRoofing Contractors
With our top-notch roof services, you won't locate much better experience and experience anywhere else. When it concerns protecting your residential or commercial property, you need a group that understands the relevance of a high-grade roof. That's where we come in. Our premier roofing services are unequaled in both experience and experience.


When you choose our roof covering services, you can rest simple understanding that you are in qualified hands. Our group of specialists has years of experience in the market and recognizes exactly what it takes to guarantee your roofing system is resilient, durable, and able to endure any type of climate condition. We have serviced a large range of jobs, from property homes to industrial structures, and we constantly supply remarkable results.


Not only do we have the experience, but we also have the know-how to handle any type of roof job. Our team is extremely competent in all facets of roof, from installment to repairs and maintenance. We remain up-to-date with the most up to date market trends and modern technologies, making sure that we offer you with the finest feasible solution.


When it involves securing your home, don't choose anything home less than the very best. Pick our leading roofing solutions and experience the difference that knowledge and experience can make. Your home is entitled to the best of security, and that's precisely what we supply.




Key Aspects to Take Into Consideration When Selecting a Roofing Service



When considering a roof covering solution, there are several essential aspects to keep in mind. Communication is additionally vital when choosing a roofing service. Eventually, by thoroughly thinking about these essential aspects, you can make a notified decision and pick a roof service that will certainly provide you with unrivaled high quality and tranquility of mind.




The Benefits of Buying Top-Quality Roofing Materials



 


Buying high-grade roof covering materials can considerably enhance the durability and longevity of your roofing system. When it comes to your building's defense, it's crucial to pick the ideal products offered. High-grade roof covering materials not just supply outstanding stamina and resistance but also use numerous benefits that can save you time and money in the future.


Among the key these details benefits of buying top-notch roof materials is their remarkable toughness. These products are made to withstand rough climate condition, consisting of heavy rainfall, solid winds, and extreme temperature levels. By utilizing costs roof covering materials, you can ensure that your roofing system continues to be intact and protected, securing your property and every little thing inside it.


In addition, top-quality roof covering materials use enhanced durability. They are particularly engineered to last for years, decreasing the demand for constant repair services or replacements. This can save you considerable prices in time and give you comfort understanding that your roof covering is built to stand up to the examination of time.


Moreover, top notch roof covering products typically come with extended service warranties, supplying you with added protection and confidence. These service warranties commonly cover any kind of production flaws or concerns, providing you the confidence that your investment is protected.




Just How Our Premier Roof Providers Can Enhance Your Residential or commercial property's Value



Utilizing high-quality roofing products can considerably increase the worth of your residential property. Exactly how can you make certain that your roof task not just boosts the value of your home but additionally supplies unequaled top quality?


When you pick our leading roof services, you can rely on that we prioritize your satisfaction go right here and the lasting longevity of your roof. Our skilled professionals are experienced in setting up high-quality roofing products that are created to endure the toughest weather and safeguard your home for many years to come. From high-performance roof shingles to long lasting metal roofing systems, we provide a variety of choices to fit your details demands and preferences.


In addition to enhancing the value of your residential property, our premier roof solutions additionally supply satisfaction. With our experience and focus to detail, you can feel confident that your roofing system will not just look aesthetically pleasing yet also work effectively in maintaining your residential property secure and safe.


Don't resolve for substandard roof materials that might endanger the value and protection of your home - portland roofers. Select our top roofing solutions to boost your residential or commercial property's worth and make certain long-lasting quality. Call us today for an examination and allow us transform your roofing system right into an important possession for your residential property




Verdict



So there you have it - by picking our premier roof solutions, you are taking a positive action in elevating your residential property's defense. Do not clear up for anything much less when it comes to your roof covering needs.




 


Elevate your building's defense today with our premier roofing solutions.




Roofers In PortlandRoofers In Portland Oregon
Investing in high-quality roof products guarantees that your property stays safeguarded for years to come. By using premium roof products, you can guarantee that your roofing system stays intact and secure, safeguarding your property and everything inside it.


Select our leading roof covering services to elevate your home's worth and make sure resilient high quality.So there you have it - by picking our premier roof services, you are taking a proactive action in boosting your building's security.

 

Rumored Buzz on Roofing Services

Roofing - An Overview

 

Other professionals also offer a 25-year workmanship guarantee, or they can move the service warranty to the following owner if you determine to offer the residence. With these, you do not need to worry regarding anything else concerning your roof covering. Although it's really appealing to do things on your own, particularly when it involves house repair work, employing an expert professional roofer would be best.


You might be guaranteed of the top quality of job they give as a result of their skills and experience. Furthermore, employing professional roofer in Colombus OHcould save you more money, not only from products however from potential damages fixings too. You'll not just reduce on your own from the worry of climbing up to your roofing, however it would additionally conserve you from the feasible injury when you do the repairing on your own.


A lot of people nowadays are right into DIY and also effort to do everything themselves. Collaborating with an expert on the component of your residence, such as the roofing, is suggested. The roof covering covers the entire structure of your residence, as well as your belongings as well as family. That's why you need to employ a professional roofing professional to change or fix your roof covering.


In this case, hiring a respectable service provider is the best strategy to remove leakages, moisture, and also cracks completely without squandering time. A basic contractor might have some roof expertise.

 

 

 

Roofing Can Be Fun For Everyone


You can rely on roofing contractors to come out as well as repair any kind of possible damage. If they made a mistake when setting up or fixing your roof covering, they would certainly pay for all of the damages's expenses.


You won't have to worry about it any longer when it comes to your roof with these. Do you require the aid of an expert roofing professional? If of course, you can never fail in JI Roof and House Siding LLC. We are among the relied on roofing business in Manitowoc, WI.




When you require roof job done on your home or company in New Jacket, discovering the right roofing business can really feel a little overwhelming. Right here are a few of the largest advantages of working with a relied on, neighborhood professional roofer for your home in New Jersey. 1. Citizens Know The Law of The Land Required permits, constructing codes, and standard laws might change from place to area, also if they're within the same region or state.

 

 

 

RoofingRoofing Services
Your neighborhood roofing professional will have a thorough understanding of local structure codes, required building licenses, insurance regulations and laws, in addition to community, area, as well as state regulations to guarantee that all modifications to your home depend on code. 2. Citizens Know The Resident Climate Climate and also weather patterns are an integral part of the decision-making behind your roofing job.

 

 

 

Not known Details About Roofing


Your neighborhood roof covering contractor will certainly understand the very best time of year Mackie One Construction to work with your roof, the ideal roof covering material for your local environment, usual types of storm damages in your area, as well as appropriate repairs for your roof New Jacket, NJ trusted roof service provider 3. Locals Know Their Neighborhood When selecting a neighborhood roof business to deal with your roof covering job, you have the added advantage of choosing a company that becomes part of your neighborhood.


You'll be collaborating with people that are your very own friends and also neighbors. They really feel a level of individual obligation and liability that out-of-towners will not necessarily really feel, because they're providing a service to their buddies, families, and also neighbors and desire to serve their neighborhood to the finest of their ability. 4.


This way, you can rest conveniently knowing that your future projects are being done by a firm you already understand you can rely on. If you want a reliable and skilled roof firm in New Jersey, you can depend on East Shore Roofing, Exterior Siding, and Windows for top-not client solution and also craftsmanship. Roofing services.

 

 

 

Roof RepairRoof Repair
Taking care of roofing repairs yourself features some large threats. You could not have the ideal tools for these repairs. You would additionally be gambling of obtaining harmed while making repair services. Employing a professional roofer indicates you'll be able to avoid these safety and security threats. Roof contractors come prepared with the appropriate tools.

 

 

 

The 6-Second Trick For Roofing Services


Can you trust them? Count on is one of the most vital aspect when it pertains to constructing a functioning relationship with a roofing business. Besides, you're delegating them with one of the most important part of security for your residence and also family members. So, exactly how can you have peace of mind understanding you've employed a reliable professional roofer!.?. !? Security is the most important consideration when installing, fixing, or keeping a roof.


A reliable local roofing professional who has actually been in organization for numerous years usually has the experience as well as manufacturer training to offer the ideal guarantees. Because of this, you can rest ensured they'll come back and make the essential fixings ought to anything fail prior to the warranty duration expires. Reputable roofer have actually developed a track record in the community and will not run off with your money like tornado chasers.


By working with an experienced regional roofer, you will certainly have satisfaction knowing your roofing is installed properly and will protect your house for years to find. They'll additionally perform normal evaluations and also upkeep to maintain your roofing system in excellent conditions in any way times. Below are eight ways to identify a trust-worthy roof professional: A trustworthy roofer must have the called for regional licenses and also insurance coverage.


It's a good idea to work with a regional roofing contractor with a long history in your area. Roofing services. Talk with previous consumers to discover regarding their service delivery, communication, and also track record.
 

The Greatest Guide To Roof Inspection & Estimates

The Facts About Roof Inspection & Estimates Revealed


Conjuring up pictures of office antics and also stale strip shopping malls, these roof coverings came to be popular house additions in the mid-1900s amongst well-off organization owners and film celebrities. Level roof coverings supply a possibility for future levels to be added to a home as well as. Sadly, flat roof coverings are very prone to leakages and also are typically sealed with PVC, TPO, or rubber membrane layer.


$4 to $9 per square foot Metal sheets; TPO, PVC, or rubber membrane, and also rolled roofing, Not fit to areas prone to rain, ice, or snow Unique aesthetic appeals, Easy to fix, Roof covering area, Inexpensive, Energy-efficient, Easy to tidy Susceptible to leaks, High-maintenance, No storage or attic room, Insufficient drainage, Brief life expectancy Green roofing systems, or living roofings, are a type of flat roofing that make up grass as well as indigenous greenery like wildflowers to create a protecting obstacle. Roof Inspection & Estimates.




 

 



These roofings feature a level or low-slope roof covering on one side with a lean-to, shed-style gable on the various other side, creating a triangular sight from the front and also back. Saltbox roofings are preferred on the East Coast and also in the northeast due to their ability to. They are extra costly than conventional gable or hip roofs, however the distinctive design includes value to a home.




All about Roof Inspection & Estimates


The jobs well with large home windows, solar panels, as well as rainwater catchment systems. The one-of-a-kind layout is ideal suited to locations of the Southwest or tropical Southeast as well as is optimal for gusty environments. $8 to $20 per square foot Asphalt roof shingles, wood shingles and trembles, slate, as well as clay or concrete floor tiles Suitable for dry desert environments and also locations vulnerable to high winds; not fit to areas with hefty snowfall and also ice One-of-a-kind modern-day aesthetic appeals, Chance for rain harvesting, Enhanced natural light, Outstanding ventilation, Ideal for gusty environments Suitable for solar panel installment Expensive, Low power effectiveness, High-maintenance Complex construction, Little to no attic or storage room, Snow and also ice buildup Sawtooth roof coverings.


Sawtooth roofings permit for high ceilings, lofted living space, and also larger windows for raised natural light. $12 to $30 per square foot Timber tiles and shakes, metal roof shingles, and also reinforced concrete Not fit to locations with hefty snow or rains Ideal for glowing home heating as well as solar panels, Special modern appearances, Enhanced loft as well as attic room room, High ceilings, Increased natural light Costly, Difficult building, Prone to leaks as well as water damages, High-maintenance While dormers, or home windows, are not technically a roofing style on their very own, they make a prominent enhancement to lots of roofings.




Roof Inspection & EstimatesRoof Inspection & Estimates
Differs based his comment is here upon base roof style, $75 to $160 per square foot All roofing products Differs based upon your base roofing system design Unique styles, Enhanced air flow, Increased all-natural light, Increase useful space Extra made complex to install, Do not deal with all roof styles, Expensive, High-maintenance, At risk to leaks Your roofs work hard to shield you from extreme temperature levels, blustering winds, and damp weather. Roof Inspection & Estimates.




Excitement About Roof Inspection & Estimates


 


However, damage can sneak up on you if you aren't taking notice of important visible hints. Look out for these indicators it is time to replace your roofing: Harmed, loose, crinkled, missing out on, or mossy tiles, Damage or discoloration around vents, smokeshafts, or skylights Drooping areas Visible leakages or water damage, Grit (flakes of asphalt shingles) in your seamless gutters, Your roofing mores than two decades old, Neighbors are having their roofings replaced No 2 roof covering firms are the exact same, and also different locations have different rates approaches.


Normally, new roof covering systems expense in between $8,000 as well as $21,500 for an average cost of $14,500. Take into consideration changing your roof before listing your residence if it is in inadequate problem or nearing its lifespan.




Roof Inspection & EstimatesRoof Inspection & Estimates

 



Aspects like the weather condition, intricacy, house access, and also materials being made use of affect the time to mount your brand-new my link roofing. In unusual instances, it can take as long as a week or even more to mount your brand-new roofing system. Style mirrors our character as well as attitude. Our houses are our shelters, and also their architecture must mirror that we are as individuals while considering our budget plan and environment.




Roof Inspection & Estimates Things To Know Before You Buy


 



Main photo debt as well as illustrations of 15 roof covering kinds: Juan Rodriguez Yard, Beginner Born and raised in Springfield, Illinois, Kimberly Magerl takes pleasure in growing vegetables and fruits in her yard. When she isn't horticulture, Kimberly takes pleasure in attempting brand-new recipes as well as food preparation with her home-grown herbs.


It's just a roofing? From one of the several designs of gable roofings you commonly see on houses to domed designs like that of the Capitol Structure, many of those special roof styles have actually proceeded to be used over the years.


2 They're especially excellent for sunny roofing systems in home owners' associations that forbid common solar panels. Solar energy is still a reasonably new innovation and also incorporating it into your roofing system can be costly.




Not known Details About Roof Inspection & Estimates


Roof Inspection & EstimatesRoof Inspection & Estimates


2 Asphalt roof shingles are one of the most usual roofing products in America because they're reliable in all ecological problems. Quality differs extensively, so ask whether your shingles pass the ASTM D3161, Class F (110 mph) or ASTM D7158, Class H (150 mph) wind tests and are rated class 3 or 4 impact rating.


The typical replacement expense of an asphalt roof shingles roof covering varies from $4,286-6,429, at a price of approximately $1. 50-4. 50 per square foot. 4 Metal roof covering can be found in vertical panels or shingles looking like slate, floor tile and also shake and also can last 50-70 years. Steel see this website stands out at dismissing hefty snow as well as rain, won't burn and also stands up to high winds.

 

Examine This Report on Commercial Roofer

The Ultimate Guide To Roof Replacement

 

Yet, not every task is manageable for everyone. Often, there's a called for ability collection included in accomplishing a task like roof. This is why you shouldthat are experts in business. If you need to know the importance of working with an expert, this write-up may assist you recognize its benefits.


Each city has a specific code, like in, such as just allowing specific measurements for roofing systems according to the dimension of the building or home. They might ensure your roofing is within limits of the provisions.

 

 

 

 


If you try to do your roofing by yourself, you could end up breaching the code. To obtain your roof correctly done, trust fund the specialists.

 

 

 

All About Commercial Roofer


Employing roof specialists can aid you stay within your spending plan. Because of their experience in managing roofing matters, they're aware of the costs of the materials needed for your roofing system.


You might be sure that the money you invest is well represented, enabling you to maximize your budget plan. On contrary, determining to take care of the roof work by on your own might wind up surpassing your spending plan - roofing company. With the opportunities of committing blunders in the procedure, repair expenses could be as pricey as working with an expert to begin with.


One specific discount rate is on. The neighborhood equipment shop would provide products at the recommended market price, while specialists purchase their products wholesale due to the fact that of the variety of jobs they're servicing a solitary time. Collectively, utilizing roofing professionals could supply you the greatest savings contrasted to doing your roofing on your own.

 

 

 

9 Simple Techniques For Roofing Company

 

Commercial RooferRoof Replacement

 



Aside from price cuts on materials, specialists can likewise provide high quality materials for your roofing. With substantial experience with manufacturers, these specialists know which products suit the type of roof you ought to have. It's their work to identify the products that are suitable for the climate condition in your area. By this, you could be guaranteed that the roof covering could stand the test of time and also weather (roofing company).


Specialists can function successfully to meet due dates. In this kind of project, completion time is vital to stay clear of even more problems to property.

 

 

 

Roofing CompanyRoofing Company


When the work is finished, contractors may release a guarantee for their work. If they made a blunder in installing or fixing your roof, they would certainly cover all the expenses sustained by the damages. roofing company. The warranty is an insurance that if anything was done incorrect, they would carry the price.

 

 

 

Our Roofing Contractor Statements


Various other specialists even use a 25-year workmanship service warranty, or they could move the guarantee to the following owner if site web you determine to offer your home. With these, you do not need to stress over anything else concerning your roofing (flat roofing). Although it's very appealing to do points yourself, particularly when it involves home fixings, hiring an expert professional roofer would certainly be best.


You might be ensured of the top quality of work they supply due to the fact that of their skills and experience. Employing could save you even more cash, not only from materials but from potential damages repair work. You'll not only relieve yourself from the problem of reaching your roofing, yet it would certainly likewise conserve you from the possible harm when you do the fixing on your own.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


As well as, if you desire a roofing professional that is credible as well as very easy to work with, you need to think about hiring local for your job. Listed below are 4 unique benefits that come with working with a local roofing professional.

 

 

 

7 Simple Techniques For Roof Replacement


Utilizing a neighborhood roof firm is useful for the area. Perhaps one of the most crucial factors to choose a regional firm is their community participation.


A firm with an outstanding online reputation will certainly additionally urge you to go to the houses they have serviced so you can directly inspect their job. If your roofing contractor's been established in your area for many years, they're more probable to have developed a strong network of neighborhood connections. This includes material providers as well as other residence service providers such as plumbing technicians, electrical experts, as well as other profession types.


Whether you need minor repair services or a complete roof substitute, you must select a roofer that will treat your roofing system like the investment it is. Local specialists are devoted to utilizing their resources, knowledge, as well as time to provide you a high-grade experience that will certainly keep you returning read this post here for all your roof needs.

 

 

 

Commercial Roofer Can Be Fun For Anyone


If you stay in the Raleigh location and require a contractor for your next roof covering project, call us right here. You can also check out this write-up on The 4 Best Roof Substitute Firms in Cary, North Carolina for more information concerning various other regional professional roofer in your location.

 

 

 

Roofing ContractorCommercial Roofer
If you lease your building to others, this can cause costly lawsuits, together with having to make costly repair work. If you conduct your very own service, this likewise implies placing your services as well as sales on hold. At ABC Roofing, we comprehend that every business is one-of-a-kind, which implies we supply a see post wide range of services to better suit your requirements.
 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15